E2EWET: An End-to-End Web Energy Traceability System

Abstract

Software systems, and especially web applications, increasingly contribute to global energy demand as they serve millions of users daily. Reducing this demand requires not only efficient hardware but also a systematic approach to measuring software energy consumption. Since end users initiate every computation through their interactions, understanding the relationship between user behaviour and energy consumption is central to building more sustainable applications. In response, this research presents E2EWET, an End-to-End Web Energy Traceability system that formalises user-centric attribution of energy consumption across frontend, backend, and database layers. E2EWET integrates heterogeneous telemetry into coherent end-to-end traces that follow real user journeys, enabling the identification of energy hotspots and the analysis of behaviour-driven consumption patterns. By providing cross-layer visibility without requiring intrusive changes to application code, this system establishes a foundation for future tools capable of reporting energy results to both developers and users, thereby supporting energy-aware design and sustainability in web software engineering.